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May reduce # Index levels FIC within single block only 1st value always stored in full &i Y i N &Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression& O &Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression& SSignificant space reduction Depends on descriptor specifics. Sample results below.287" 7 P &Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression& Q &Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression& R 'Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression ' YDO IT! any reasons not to??? No measurable CPU Set at file level Cannot be set with ONLINE REORDER Average space savings is 40-50% How to tell how much is saved? Run ADAORD 2x Use DDFILEA stats and ADAREP Fewer ASSO Reads/Writes Better buffer efficiency ADACSH; NI/UI blocks better candidates L3/L9/S1 commands are faster Fewer Index levels "$" !+ Mu#! !  *u Z X&Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression& Run usual ADAORD to eliminate the Unused-Rabn Chain and repack the blocks with padding factor Track the used NI/UI RABNS Run ADAORD again with Indexcompression on Note the new used NI/UI RABNS 2 runs of ADAORD - ugh!!!@*  b  =    \&Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression&    ~Index compression is done when the NI elements are being written FROM DDFILEA (and NOT to DDFILEA) So, look at the bytes used on DDFILEA and the resultant blocks written DDFILEA bytes = LRECL * ((EXCPBCKT - 1) /2)) After FIC completes, run ADAREP & add all used UI/NI blocks New bytes = Used-Asso-Rabns * Asso-Blocksize Savings percentage = (New bytes) / (DDFILEA bytes) Geeky way! J@$     @ S'Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression ' xCustomer results: University of Arkansas Production w/v712 In cyl. Before After Savings Percentage ADAPROD 3,200 1,400 1,800 56% ADASIS1 11,000 4,234 6,766 61% Cartridges required to backup the data base Before After ADAPROD 16 14 ADASIS1 45 37 ),d),d&?  7 T'Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression ' Customer results: University of Arkansas Production w/v712 ADADB1 Before After Commands 128,171,534 140,703,793 Asso Reads 1,777,290 1,539,641 Asso Writes 112,301 108,051 Buffer Eff. 48.0 52.0 ADADB2 Before After Commands 280,018,872 361,005,811 Asso Reads 11,173,438 6,503,484 Asso Writes 236,117 153,317 Buffer Eff. 54.0 70.0 T))  '  .  l  '  ,   W'Adabas v71: Forward Index Compression ' Customer results: Commonwealth of Mass: recovered 11,099 cylinders (58%) of Associator space due to the reorganization which implemented Forward Index Compression. Curtis Circulation: Normal and Upper Indices have been reduced typically by 50 to 80%. Files that were too large to cache before are now cacheable. University of Texas: w/ FIC Buffer efficiency 641.1 Asso Reads 5,560 w/o FIC Buffer efficiency 250.5 Asso Reads 14,268 ?g|f@s  /   j!Adabas v71: I/O Summary Overall Adabas CPU usage is reduced by an average of 10-20% Without FIC 5-10% reduction in I/Os to LBP With FIC 20-30% reduction in I/Os to LBP &   k"Adabas v71: User Results pQuotes from emails: 7-15% reduction in CPU with about a 5% reduction in ASSO I/O when doing Read Logical and Finds. This is related to the improvements to the improvement in how the buffer chooses the replacement victims. (Not using FIC) With version 622 we used 17:54 CPU hours to process 119 million commands and with 712 we used 12:40 to process 115 million. I also noticed that the IOSQ time of our DASD went down dramatically. I have 7 production databases. CPU savings from v712 are: 7.6%, 8.7%, 8.9%, 10.8%, 14.7%, 18.6%and 0.01% We have an average of 30% CPU savings on each of 2 databases converted to v71 @]X q l#Adabas v71: More User Results MCustomer states: Database 233 (LBP=360 MB) : V62: 0.43 milliseconds CPU per call or 2334 calls per CPU second internal throughput V71: 0.26 milliseconds CPU per call or 3776 calls per CPU second internal throughput This is a reduction in CPU time of more than 38% and an increase in internal throughput of nearly 62% (!) P;: N m$Adabas v71: More User Results GSame Customer: Database 15 (LBP=360 MB) : V62: 0.34 milliseconds CPU per call or 2930 calls per CPU second internal throughput V71: 0.23 milliseconds CPU per call or 4289 calls per CPU second internal throughput This is a reduction in CPU time of more than 31% and an increase in internal throughput of more than 46%(9G H "Adabas Buffer Pool  JHolds Associator and Data blocks Size Set by DBA Larger Buffer = Less I/O  K %Look Ahead : 64-bit Overview - V7.1.3 & 64-bit Real Storage OS/390 V2R10 and z/OS 1.1 Max. 128 GB Real Storage (temporarily) 2 GB size limitation for allocation 64-bit Virtual Storage z/OS 1.2 2 GB size limitation removed data caches only other structures in later versions of z/OS^eb3 %b  OI/O Buffer Pool (LBP)  Descriptor usage Use fewer descriptors in search Re-order file by most-used descriptor Typical size Small DB: 5MB Medium DB: 10-20MB Large DB: 30-50MB Very Large DB: 70+MBTF HF H  NASSO/DATA Block Sizes  Various block sizes waste various amounts of LBP? LBP is divided into 256 byte slots Assume 3390 device: ASSO block size 2544 2544 / 256 = 10 slots 1,000,000 / 2544 = 394 * 10 = 3940 * 256 = 1,008,640 bytes in LBP Assume 8392 device: ASSO block size 4092 4092 / 256 = 16 slots 1,000,000 / 4092 = 245 * 16 = 3920 * 256 = 1,003,520 bytes in LBP Conclusion Larger block sizes save very little in the buffer pool EXERCISE FOR THE USER !2LX)X]2LX)X R  PAdabas Caching Facility  A buffer in addition to the Adabas buffer pool -  Read Only For selectable data User-specific - RABNs User specified file(s) WORK parts 2 and 3 Cache buffer location Extended memory Data space Hiperspace (depending on operating system) CBUFNO=n Read ahead to end of track Affects L2/L5, L3/L6, L9, and S1 (non-DE search)TAF LTAFL  &e   & Advantages  BLarger Cache results in less I/Os More space in the 31-bit area  C S ADABAS v7.1" (5  C Second Way to Reduce Overhead Reduce/Eliminate ADABAS CallsH&xx%< D 0 ADABAS v7.1" (5  ZHOW TO REDUCE ADABAS CALLS FastPath Prefetch / Multifetch Change Programs Add New Keys :x@x@ [ - ADABAS v7.1" (5  HOW TO REDUCE ADABAS CALLS W I T H O U T CHANGING PROGRAMS ! FastPath - A data buffering approach Prefetch / Multifetch - A read ahead approach :@xgx?g  3ADABAS v7.1 - FastPath"(5  FastPath uses its own buffer to hold data and control information. FastPath can be monitored on-line Parameters control what FastPath optimizes 4xx  4ADABAS v7.1 - FastPath"(5  FastPath has many displays available to show what is being optimized and the savings Some parameters can be modified on-line while FastPath is active 4xx  2Adabas Fastpath Statistics4     EFASTPATH - normal look up    FD&Adabas Fastpath Statistics - Aha !4    GFASTPATH - WHY ?   JADABAS facilities   AFastpath Hints  1How to determine which files to Fastpath. Determine top ten files per physical Database. Fastpath ten files - but watch out for update activity. Monitor for week to make sure resources are adequate. Add files until all resources consumed or there are no more high volume files to fastpath F*-*Z   A     CFastpath Hints  Reasons Commands may be excluded from a File Insufficient CID/User Areas. ADABAS / File processing is stopped. A Job step is running that has "Prefetch" parameters. The "Command / Descriptor" is not defined in the file Parameters Record Buffer Length / Set ID Length Exceeded Set ID Length = Search Buffer + Format Buffer field length values + other factors. Minimum Sequential Storage (k) exceeded. FAPP,&   B%!ADABAS PREFETCH/MULTIFETCH- Batch " kUses a Read Ahead approach Needs a Buffer on the User Side Controlled by ADARUN parameters Very Easy to Usel 5wlQ ?!ADABAS PREFETCH/MULTIFETCH- Batch " PREFETCH=OLD for Prefetch PREFETCH=NEW for Multifetch PREFSBL=nnnn for setting work area size PREFXFIL=nn and PREFXCMD used in pairs to exclude a file/command from Prefetch 5w =!ADABAS PREFETCH/MULTIFETCH- Batch " PREFETCH Brings Back ALL of the Prefetched Data in the ISN Buffer - with a 16 byte header for each Record returned MULTIFETCH Brings back the Records in the Record Buffer without any separation - The 16 byte headers are returned in the ISN Buffer 5w >"ADABAS PREFETCH/MULTIFETCH- Online # VERY SPECIAL CASE VERY DETAILED CODING INVOLVED BYTE SHIFTING/MOVING REQUIRED BUT CAN BE VERY REWARDING In NATURAL you can use the USR1043N ENTRY POINT for ADABAS Direct Calls !  5w Q1ALTERNATE IDEA for reducing calls to ADABAS !21 2 eTake it OFF LINE ! ADASTRIP NATURAL Program Other ways GREAT for NATURAL WORK Files / SORTs>$)$)&`   V!ADASTRIP Product Overview - 1""! " Fast, efficient extraction of multiple data files from one or more ADABAS files One pass through backup tapes or database to extract data needed Flat files can be input to pre-processing programs or loaded directly to the database User-exits available for extra processing $Z  W!ADASTRIP Product Overview - 2""! " "Implement ADASTRIP to extract data from the ADASAV backup tapes All data can be extracted in one run No impact on on-line databases - OFF LINE ! Most recent data can be merged from the latest QDUMP or PLOG Extra processing of data can be done after extraction prior to load of database#$Z# # X Operations,   Y!ADASTRIP Product Overview - 4""! " Extraction of the file structure (FDT) only Normalization of PE/MUs is possible Recovery of historical data from past backups Creation of test data Deferred processing of critical reports$Z&@  y Z!ADASTRIP Product Overview - 5""! " Recovery of historical data Recovery of  lost NATURAL programs Export to other systems or DBMSs Import data between ADABAS databases Fast processing avoids ADABAS I/O Deferred processing Replace ADAULD$Z&[  k [!ADASTRIP Product Overview - 6""! " Moving sequential processing away from ADABAS reduces load Faster processing, avoids ADABAS I/O Deferred processing, reports can be run from data extracted from a backup Processing on synchronized data (a backup has the data fixed at a point in time)$Z  U Monitoring   CPU utilization ADANC7: Format translations ADANC2: Command execution (L1, etc.) ADANC8: Compression/decompression Monitoring packages Provide valuable information Can use considerable CPU cycles and I/OTcEcE  <Converting to V7  What Gets Converted GCB Version; XGCBSTAT=x C7 DSECT changes FCB DSECT changes new fields (YIVDE initialized) FST Blocks 10-14 Blocks 11-14 formatted WORK formatted PLOG formattedN 5w,3$ TConverting to V7  New SVC Will process both V7 and V6 data bases Old V6 SVC will work for basic V7  stuff Not for TCP/IP, UES, AFP & u 5wu0E & THE END  Until Next Time !  /p |),0V|}~PD ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3` >?" dZ R?ndRdlPIndX%  P5 r?" dd@%   @@``@n?" dd@  @@``PP   @ ` `0p>>   R (  |  TZ?? 9 |  TZ??{ |  TZ??c K  Zxaxa1 ?  ]Firstlevel: Arial bold, 24 point Second level: Arial, 24 point Third level: Arial, 20 point ! ^    `xaxa1 ?0  a-Headline, Arial bold, 32 point 2 lines max. . .^B  6DR?|  TZ?M? iF P   P   # lZ?Md1?``   0?P`   0R?`   Ht? ?0~  *.(l2    8Xh\  S ~_ж_ж 1?31 dSierra Pacific Users Group Meeting  June 11, 20023 23  3 B  s *޽h ? 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R    $(   r  S a0  a r  S ąa  a H  0޽h ? R   $(   r  S a0  a r  S da  a H  0޽h ? R  0T (  T l T C a a l T C a H   a H T 0޽h ? 2 0 p0( ''HHHkkk H  0xl>L ? ̙33 0 0(  H  0xl>L ? ̙33 0 0(  H  0xl>L ? ̙33 0 0(  H  0xl>L ? ̙33 0 P0(  H  0xl>L ? ̙33 0 Pp ,(  p ^ p S    a p c $ ak @>  a " H p 0xl>L ? ̙33! 0 0 ,(   ^  S :A   a  c $a U%e  a " H  0xl>L ? a(" 0 P ,(   ^  S :A   a  c $a U%e  a " H  0xl>L ? a(# 0 p( ,(  ( ^ ( S :A    ( c $x U%e   " H ( 0xl>L ? a($ 0 0 ,(  0 ^ 0 S :A    0 c $  U%e   " H 0 0xl>L ? a(' 0 \ 0(  \ H \ 0xl>L ? ̙33( 0 d 0(  d H d 0xl>L ? ̙33) 0 l 0(  l H l 0xl>L ? ̙33+ 0 | 0(  | H | 0xl>L ? ̙33- 0  0(   H  0xl>L ? ̙330 0  0(   H  0xl>L ? ̙333 0  0(   H  0xl>L ? ̙334 0  0( @  H  0xl>L ? ̙33W 5 0     (   d  <1? z  ZTjJjJ1? z  I6   d  <1? d  <1?   N1 ?;@      C x xaxa1 ? U%w   ADABAS consists of: ADABAS Nucleus - contains pools, queues and tables which control all operations within ADABAS. Data Storage - contains the actual raw data, which is stored in compressed form in order to save DASD space. The compressed data is stored on blocks called RABNs, for Relative ADABAS Block Number. Associator - stores relationships about the data and ADABAS control blocks. It contains structures (tables, lists, control blocks) that provide information about the data in the Data Storage component. Work - the active database s  scratch pad ; it is where the database keeps temporary information about certain actions taking place in the database, specifically; updates against the data and complex searches. Protection Log - contains information on all updates performed during an ADABAS session. Used in regenerating a database, should the data become compromised. Command Log - can be used to audit commands sent to the nucleus, for performance tracking or debugging purposes.M  e&   H  0xl>L ? ̙33 6 0 E =  (   d  <1? z  Z(!jJjJ1? z  I9   d  <1? d  <1?   N1 ?;@     C xGxaxa1 ? U%w   (Notes on Data Storage: Within each file there may be many records (up to 4 billion in a v6 database). Records contain all the pieces of information about a particular item; for example, a record in the employee file may contain all the information about a particular employee (name, date of birth, address, date of hire, etc.) Multiple records may exist on a particular RABN, but a single record may not span across more than one RABN. Records - Records are identified by Internal Sequence Numbers (ISNs) and are unique within the file. No two records in one file have the same ISN, but records in different files can. ISNs can be either ADABAS or user-assigned; most files have ADABAS-assigned ISNs. ISNs are assigned when records are added to the database. If ADABAS is assigning them, it will reuse ISNs of records that have previously been deleted (if REUSE ISN=YES, which is a file option). Fields - are the logical units of information within a record (there may be up to 926 fields per record). Each filed has a name, length, format, and compression type. The name for each field has a two-character representation in ADABAS (for example: AA, AB, etc.) d w  H  0xl>L ? ̙339 0 ^V0 (   d  <1? z  ZejJjJ1? z  J10   d  <1? d  <1?   N1 ?;@     C xjxaxa1 ? U%w   @Notes on the ADABAS Associator: The Associator stores relationships about the data and acts as a bridge between your program and the data in data storage.It determines the location of the data through control blocks, tables and inverted lists.!  H  0xl>L ? ̙33: 0  F(   d  <1? z  ZujJjJ1? z  I8   d  <1? d  <1?   N1 ?;@   Y  C xyxaxa1 ? U%w   3Notes on Data Storage: Data Storage records are stored on Files. A file can be thought of as logical grouping of RABNs. Multiple files make up a database. For example, a small database might contain three files, one with client information, one with sales information and one with earnings information.4&s   H  0xl>L ? ̙33; 0 }P (   d  <1? z  ZHjJjJ1? z  J12   d  <1? d  <1?   N1 ?;@   '  C x@xaxa1 ? U%w   g Notes on File Level Control Blocks: The File Control block (FCB) tells the location and size of the file, number of records loaded, time of last utility update, number of levels of inverted list and other File level control information. There is one FCB per file.. "  H  0xl>L ? ̙33@ 0 zp (   d  <1? z  ZpjJjJ1? z  J14   d  <1? d  <1?   N1 ?;@   $  C xxaxa1 ? U%w   dNotes on the Inverted List: The inverted list stores information for each descriptor field in an ADABAS file. Each inverted list contains all values for a descriptor field in ascending order, the number of times each value is found in the file, and the ISNs of the records containing that value. Compare the inverted list to a card catalog in a library; it reflects value and ISN information for its descriptor field. There is an inverted list of at least 3 levels of index for each descriptor defined on a file. .   H  0xl>L ? ̙33*E 0 4 z(  4  4  fgֳgֳ ?| j   HThere two basic types of database query, referred to as Direct and Sequential. Direct is where the Client explicitly provides a search argument so that the database establishes (or reestablishes) a logical position (cursor). The cursor may be temporary, being released at the completion of the query or retained for next in series processing. ADABAS FASTPATH employs a  Popularity technique to handle Direct queries. 8 Y  4  N1 ? j   H 4 0xl>L ? X(=^F 0 F>0< (  <  <  N1 ? j    <  fKgֳgֳ ?| j   ZSequential is where the Client makes a series of related accesses. The database uses a previously established cursor to perform next in series processing. ADABAS FASTPATH employs a  Read-ahead technique to handle Sequential accesses. P( b_ H < 0xl>L ? X(=^ G 0 N F `D  (  D   D  fӔgֳgֳ ?| j   b  Studies suggest that up to 80% of queries are directed at only 20% of data. This knowledge about data access immediately invalidates some approaches to query optimization which preload entire files into main memory. This precious resource of your computer can be turned into a wasteland of unused data. The challenge for any optimizer is to first identify popular data and therefore gain focus on the most relevant areas. FASTPATH does this. FASTPATH also goes further. Not only is popular data identified. FASTPATH goes on to identify the popular formats for the popular data. To expand, different Client systems (or even programs) may request exactly the same data but in different layouts. One program may wish to access an Account s balance whereas another program may wish to access the same Account s address, from the same record. FASTPATH differentiates between these Query models. Within a matter of seconds a piece of data can be accessed many thousands, or even millions, of times, but, in the next moment that same data may become completely unused. Popular data must be constantly re-identified. FASTPATH successfully meets this challenge..(W%  D  N1 ? j   H D 0xl>L ? X(=^J 0 ia\ (  \ + \  fؔgֳgֳ ?| j   }For FASTPATH a series of related accesses is a sequence. ADABAS has facilities to allow more than one record to be returned as the result of a sequential access, Prefetch and Multi-fetch. If you know you require 100 records in series you can request that ADABAS return all 100 in one visit rather than making 100 separate ones. The Client program is responsible for supplying the memory for the additional data and for deciphering it into separate records. To introduce these techniques into a Client system can be beneficial but the programming is very complex. This also assumes the same series will always be required. 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